| 1. | This heating requires electricity and produces unwanted heat .
这种加热需要电能，而且会产生不需要的热。 |
| 2. | The heat of fusion is the heat required to melt a substance at its normal melting temperature .
熔化热是一种物质在其熔点温度全部熔化所需要的热量。 |
| 3. | The flow of heat requires finite time, so any process performed quickly enough will be practically adiabatic .
因为热流需一定的时间，所以足够快速进行的任一过程实际上都是绝热的。 |
| 4. | A calorie is defined as the quantity of heat required at one atmosphere to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 , usually from 14 . 5 to 15 . 5
一卡路里定义为在一个大气压力条件下，使一克水温度增加1所需要的热量，通常是指从14 . 5提高到15 . 5 。 |
| 5. | Note that the amount of heat required to melt enough ice to raise sea level one meter is about 12 watt - years ( averaged over the planet ) , energy that could be accumulated in 12 years if the planet is out of balance by one watt per square meter
要让海平面上升一公尺所需的融冰热能，全球平均要12瓦特，只要每平方公尺有一瓦特的不平衡量、累积12年，便可达成。 |
| 6. | Ptmn has practically been used as anti - ferromagnetic layer to pin ferromagnetic layers because of its large exchange bias , high blocking temperature and excellent thermal stability . on the other hand , ptmn films deposited by magnetron sputtering without substrate heating require a relatively high temperature post - deposition annealing in magnetic field to induce a unidirectional exchange field hes
由于ptmn反铁磁材料具有大的交换偏置，比较高的blocking温度和较好的热稳定性，在自旋阀结构中ptmn已经在实际应用上用来钉扎铁磁层。 |
